In this blog, let’s investigate the fascinating layers of history at Burgh by Sands, a site with deep Roman roots and a rich past that has left its mark on British history.
A Roman fort with a unique legacy
Burgh by Sands was once the site of a Roman fort known as Aballava, which translates to “the orchard of the apples”. It’s believed that before the Romans arrived, this area may have been home to a flourishing apple orchard, lending the fort its unique name. Unfortunately, nothing of the Roman fort remains today, as it has been entirely recycled over time into the fabric of the surrounding landscape and buildings. Despite this, Aballava’s history remains significant, especially when we consider the variety of troops that once garrisoned this fort.
An international garrison on the edge of the empire
What makes Aballava particularly interesting is the diversity of its garrison, which reflected the vast reach of the Roman Empire. Historical records tell us that the fort hosted a variety of troops from across the empire, including units from the Netherlands and Belgium, such as the Nervii or Nervians, and the Batavians. Additionally, a wedge of Phrygian cavalry, renowned for their skill in battle, was stationed here, adding to the fort’s defensive capabilities.
But perhaps the most remarkable aspect of Aballava is its connection to the first recorded African community in Britain. The fort was home to the Aurelian Moors, a unit possibly named after Emperor Marcus Aurelius. These troops, famous for their cavalry, were vital to the security of the frontier. The fact that this community was led by a tribune suggests a mixed unit of both infantry and cavalry, reflecting the strategic importance of this location.
The strategic importance of Burgh by Sands
Situated near two critical crossing points over the Solway Firth, Burgh by Sands was a strategically vital location, both in Roman times and for centuries afterward. These crossing points were notoriously used by the Border Reivers, infamous raiders who plagued the English-Scottish border with their relentless attacks. The need for cavalry troops, like the Moors, was essential in maintaining order and security in such a turbulent frontier.
Beyond its military significance, Burgh by Sands also benefited from its location on the west coast, which served as a sea motorway connecting the frontier to the wider Roman world. Goods could be shipped from the Mediterranean, through the Straits of Gibraltar, and up the coast to supply Roman luxuries to the soldiers stationed here. Despite the harsh conditions of the frontier, these connections ensured that life here was not without its comforts.
A place of royal passing
Burgh by Sands holds a significant place in the broader history of England as well. It was here that King Edward I, known as “Hammer of the Scots,” passed away after succumbing to dysentery while campaigning against Scotland. His death marked the end of one of England’s most powerful monarchs. Edward’s body was kept in the church behind us until it was finally taken south for burial. The church itself is a testament to the enduring legacy of the Roman fort, as it was constructed entirely from recycled Roman stone, showing how the materials from Aballava were repurposed for centuries to come.
The first recorded African community in Britain
One of the most remarkable aspects of Burgh by Sands is its connection to Britain’s early African communities. As mentioned earlier, the presence of the Aurelian Moors at Aballava marks the first recorded instance of an African community in Britain, a fascinating glimpse into the diversity of the Roman Empire. While there is also evidence of an African community in York during the reign of Septimius Severus, Burgh by Sands holds a special place in our history.
This multicultural garrison not only defended the frontier but also contributed to the rich tapestry of Roman Britain.
A site with a lasting legacy
Though there is little left to see of the Roman fort today, Burgh by Sands remains a site of profound historical significance. From its strategic military importance to its role as the final resting place of a king, and its connection to early African communities in Britain, this location offers a fascinating glimpse into the past. As we stand here, it’s easy to imagine the soldiers who once looked out across the Solway Firth, guarding the frontier of an empire that stretched across the known world.
