In this blog, we’re exploring the fascinating world of Roman military gear. As we go through the equipment a Roman soldier would have worn around the time that Hadrian’s Wall was built, you’ll get a glimpse into the life of these formidable warriors who defended the Roman Empire.
The Roman Legionary and Auxiliary Soldiers
When you think of a Roman soldier, you probably picture a legionary. These soldiers were the backbone of the Roman army, serving for 25 years before receiving a plot of land and a payout when they retired. However, there was another important group of soldiers known as the auxiliaries. These men were recruited from conquered peoples and served in the Roman army in exchange for citizenship of the Roman empire once they performed their service.
Let’s examine the uniform and equipment of an auxiliary soldier in the Roman Army.
The Gallic helmet
Starting at the top of the uniform, Roman soldiers wore a helmet known as a Gallic helmet. This type of helmet, although quite old by the time Hadrian’s Wall was built, was still in use due to its durability. It provided essential protection in battle.
The cloak – warm and functional
Next, let’s talk about the cloak. Roman soldiers wore cloaks much like we wear coats today. They kept soldiers warm and doubled as blankets during manoeuvres. Yellow was a common colour, and the cloak was fastened by a brooch. The one I’m wearing is a dragon-esque brooch, a fashionable design originating from the British Isles.
Maile armour for protection and flexibility
Underneath the cloak, I’m wearing maile armour, also known as chain maile. Made of thousands of interlinked metal rings, this armour was both durable and flexible, providing excellent protection against slashing attacks. The craftsmanship is evident in the tiny six-millimetre links.
Weapons: sword, spear, and combat knife
Roman soldiers were well-armed. I’m carrying a spatha, a slashing sword favoured by cavalrymen. This particular design is based on a find from Vindolanda. The main weapon, however, was the hasta, or spear, which was crucial for keeping enemies at bay. Additionally, soldiers carried a pugio, a combat knife for close encounters.
The clipus shield
To defend themselves, Roman soldiers used a shield called a clipus. This oval-shaped shield, depicted on Trajan’s Column in Rome, was covered to protect it from the elements. My shield is marked with the name of the unit stationed in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Trousers
In the colder climates of Northern Europe, trousers were a necessity. The Romans found it amusing since trousers were typically women’s wear in the Mediterranean. Up north, however, they were essential for warmth. I’m wearing baggy trousers, as described by Roman accounts of the Britons.
Leg wraps for protection and warmth
At the bottom of my trousers, I’m wearing leg wraps based on finds from Denmark. These wraps protected against mud and kept the legs warm, essential for marching through the undergrowth.
Footwear – Vindolanda fell boots
Finally, on my feet, I’m wearing Vindolanda fell boots. These enclosed boots, found at the Vindolanda Roman fort, kept soldiers’ feet warm and dry in the damp conditions of Northern Europe.
I hope this has been an insightful introduction to the equipment of a Roman soldier. Stay tuned for more episodes where we delve deeper into the fascinating history of the Roman Empire and its incredible military machine. Have a look at my Roman Tours where I explore Hadrian’s Wall and the life of a Roman Soldier in depth.